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The Apollonian and Dionysian is a two-fold philosophical concept, based on features of ancient Greek mythology: Apollo and Dionysus. [170][171] For the audience of such drama, this tragedy allows them to sense what Nietzsche called the Primordial Unity, which revives Dionysian nature. [259] Notably, he also read some of the posthumous works of Charles Baudelaire,[260] Tolstoy's My Religion, Ernest Renan's Life of Jesus, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Demons. Carl Albrecht Bernoulli hebt hervor, dass Nietzsches Anti-Christentum vornehmlich antisemitisch bestimmt sei und dass, wo er ehrlich spricht, „seine Urteile über die Juden allen Antisemitismus an Schärfe weit hinter sich lassen.“[38] In den späteren Schriften steigert Nietzsche die Kritik an allen bestehenden Normen und Werten: Sowohl in der bürgerlichen Moral als auch im Sozialismus und Anarchismus sieht er Nachwirkungen der christlichen Lehren am Werk. "[147] Colli and Montinari, the editors of Nietzsche's assembled letters, gloss Nietzsche's claims as a "mistaken belief" and "without foundation. Die ganze Moderne leide an décadence. The death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has any inherent importance and that life lacks purpose. In Western philosophy, Nietzsche's writings have been described as a case of free revolutionary thought, that is, revolutionary in its structure and problems, although not tied to any revolutionary project. [142] Oehler claims that Nietzsche came from a long line of German Lutheran clergymen on both sides of his family, and modern scholars regard the claim of Nietzsche's Polish ancestry as "pure invention. mit Schweigen übergangen. Eng mit der „Ewigen Wiederkunft“, für die Nietzsche trotz seiner nur sehr oberflächlichen naturwissenschaftlichen Bildung auch wissenschaftliche Begründungen zu geben versuchte, hängt wohl der Amor fati (lat. He wants a kind of spiritual evolution of self-awareness and overcoming of traditional views on morality and justice that stem from the superstition beliefs still deeply rooted or related to the notion of God and Christianity. Vor allem zu Beginn dieser Periode steht die wissenschaftlich-empirische Erkenntnis im Vordergrund. [90] Nietzsche nonetheless was content to join together with Rée and Salomé touring through Switzerland and Italy together, planning their commune. 1881, so zu lesen in seiner Autobiographie "Ecce Homo", schreibt Nietzsche "überfiel" ihn die Inspiration zum Konzept der "Ewigen Wiederkunft". Unter anderem aufgrund von Intrigen Elisabeths zerbrach die Beziehung zu Rée und Salomé im Winter 1882/1883. During this time in the circle of the Wagners, he met Malwida von Meysenbug and Hans von Bülow. "[161], In a letter of 1887, Nietzsche claimed, "There has never been a philosopher who has been in essence a musician to such an extent as I am," although he also admitted that he "might be a thoroughly unsuccessful musician. Juli 1897, S. 1. Und wir haben ihn getödtet! Wilhelm, Bismarck, and all anti-Semites abolished. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston u. a. He nonetheless was happy to continue with the plans for an academic commune. [151] Reflecting on unrequited love, Nietzsche considered that "indispensable ... to the lover is his unrequited love, which he would at no price relinquish for a state of indifference. Born in 1844, Friedrich Nietzsche was a German Philosopher, essayist, philologist, poet, and unapologetic cultural critic but apart from that, he was also an idealist, Hellenist, educationalist, and, humanist. In 1866, he read Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism. 1,985 talking about this. "IDYLLIC HEROISM: NIETZSCHE'S VIEW OF EPICURUS.” Journal of Nietzsche Studies, no. Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen • Über die „ewige Wiederkunft“, ihre Bedeutung und Stellung in Nietzsches Gedanken herrscht keine Einigkeit. Der „Wille zur Macht“ ist erstens ein Konzept, das zum ersten Mal in Also sprach Zarathustra vorgestellt und in allen nachfolgenden Büchern zumindest am Rande erwähnt wird. Die fröhliche Wissenschaft • Because his father had worked for the state (as a pastor) the now-fatherless Nietzsche was offered a scholarship to study at the internationally recognized Schulpforta (the claim that Nietzsche was admitted on the strength of his academic competence has been debunked: his grades were not near the top of the class). Mit Ihnen gründete er dort die künstlerisch-literarische Vereinigung „Germania“. [188], In Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche's genealogical account of the development of modern moral systems occupies a central place. "[142], Nietzsche never married. Jahrhundert ist die Familie Nietzsche in Sachsen als evangelisch dokumentiert. ", The initial form of morality was set by a warrior aristocracy and other ruling castes of ancient civilizations. Eine umfangreiche und quellenkritische medizinhistorische Recherche in Originalbefunden spricht eher für letztere These bzw. [122] Poisoning by mercury, a treatment for syphilis at the time of Nietzsche's death,[123] has also been suggested. [198] Still, Nietzsche saw his philosophy as a counter-movement to nihilism through appreciation of art: Art as the single superior counterforce against all will to negation of life, art as the anti-Christian, anti-Buddhist, anti-Nihilist par excellence. Hin und wieder setzte sich Nietzsche polemisch mit den seinerzeit populären Philosophen Eugen Dühring, Eduard von Hartmann und Herbert Spencer auseinander. In 1885, he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of Zarathustra and distributed a fraction of them among close friends, including Helene von Druskowitz. Zarathustra's gift of the overman is given to mankind not aware of the problem to which the overman is the solution. „In der That, man thut gut (und klug), zur Erklärung davon, wie eigentlich die entlegensten metaphysischen Behauptungen eines Philosophen zu Stande gekommen sind, sich immer erst zu fragen: auf welche Moral will es (will er –) hinaus?“. The two met Nietzsche in Rome in April 1882, and Nietzsche is believed to have instantly fallen in love with Salomé, as Rée had done. Wie genau allerdings die neuen Werte ausgesehen hätten, wird aus Nietzsches Werk nicht eindeutig klar. Weber, for example, relied on Nietzsche's perspectivism by maintaining that objectivity is still possible—but only after a particular perspective, value, or end has been established. Hermann Schöne (1906–1909) | "[162], Because of Nietzsche's evocative style and provocative ideas, his philosophy generates passionate reactions. Hamlet falls under this category—he glimpsed the supernatural reality through the Ghost, he has gained true knowledge and knows that no action of his has the power to change this. Juli 1860 statt: „… bei Naumburger Rotwein (die Flasche zu 75 Pfennige) leisteten die drei sechzehnjährigen Vereinsmitglieder ihren Bundesschwur. Nehamas shows that this interpretation exists totally independently of physics and does not presuppose the truth of cosmology. Eine Straße und eine Gedenktafel erinnern an Nietzsches Tage in Èze. Oktober 1844 in Röcken, einem Dorf nahe Lützen im Kreis Merseburg in der preußischen Provinz Sachsen (heute Sachsen-Anhalt), geboren. Die extremsten Aussagen Nietzsches zur Energie der Größe und zum Anti-Humanismus finden sich in einem Nachlass-Fragment von 1884: „Jene ungeheure Energie der Größe zu gewinnen, um, durch Züchtung und anderseits durch Vernichtung von Millionen Mißrathener, den zukünftigen Menschen zu gestalten und nicht zu Grunde zu gehen an dem Leid, das man schafft, und dessen Gleichen noch nie da war!“[39], Mit dem Stichwort „Gott ist tot“ wird oft die Vorstellung verbunden, dass Nietzsche den Tod Gottes beschworen oder herbeigewünscht habe. Die griechische Tragödie sei durch Euripides und den Einfluss des Sokratismus zugrunde gegangen. [87] Gast was one of the very few friends Nietzsche allowed to criticize him. 1941. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 –1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher, poet, composer and classical philologist. [176] Michel Foucault commented that his own book Madness and Civilization should be read "under the sun of the great Nietzschean inquiry". Jahrhunderts wird sie vorwiegend bejaht. Und rückwärts, seitwärts, vorwärts, nach allen Seiten? Später ignorierte er die Richtung. Sein Wissen über Philosophie und Philosophiegeschichte hat Nietzsche sich nicht systematisch aus den Quellen angeeignet. However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic Georg Brandes aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the University of Copenhagen. Gaddis, P.H. Tschandala • "[94] In later recriminations, Nietzsche would blame on separate occasions the failure in his attempts to woo Salomé on Salomé, Rée, and on the intrigues of his sister (who had written letters to the families of Salomé and Rée to disrupt the plans for the commune). Here Foucault referenced Nietzsche's description of the birth and death of tragedy and his explanation that the subsequent tragedy of the Western world was the refusal of the tragic and, with that, refusal of the sacred. Nietzsche attended a boys' school and then a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug and Wilhelm Pinder, all three of whom came from highly respected families. Werner Jaeger (1914–1915) | [95] In 1883, while staying in Nice, he was writing out his own prescriptions for the sedative chloral hydrate, signing them "Dr. Zu seinen Ansichten über die moderne décadence las und bewertete er etwa George Sand, Gustave Flaubert und die Brüder Goncourt. Mit dieser radikalisierten Kritik steht Nietzsche einerseits in der Tradition der französischen Moralisten, wie etwa Montaigne oder La Rochefoucauld, die die Moral ihrer Zeit kritisieren, um zu einer besseren zu gelangen; andererseits betont er mehrfach, er bekämpfe nicht nur die Heuchelei von Moral, sondern die herrschenden „Moralen“ selbst – im Wesentlichen immer die christliche. “It is not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages.” ― Friedrich Nietzsche. "Nietzsche's Quarrel With Euripides". In his opinion, some people would be able to become superior individuals through the use of will power. [66] In June 1865, at the age of 20, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elisabeth, who was deeply religious, a letter regarding his loss of faith. After the death of Nietzsche's grandmother in 1856, the family moved into their own house, now Nietzsche-Haus, a museum and Nietzsche study center. Max Weber and Martin Heidegger absorbed it and made it their own. Die entgegengesetzte Meinung vertrat Wolfgang Müller-Lauter: Danach habe Nietzsche mit dem „Willen zur Macht“ keineswegs eine Metaphysik im Sinne Heideggers wiederhergestellt – Nietzsche war ja gerade Kritiker jeder Metaphysik –, sondern den Versuch unternommen, eine in sich konsistente Deutung allen Geschehens zu geben, die die nach Nietzsche irrtümlichen Annahmen sowohl metaphysischer „Sinngebungen“ als auch eines atomistisch-materialistischen Weltbildes vermeide. Pity makes suffering contagious.[200]. Vor allem von Letzterem und den deutschen Vertretern der Evolutionstheorie um Ernst Haeckel bezog er sein Wissen um die Lehren Charles Darwins. [325] Others, well known philosophers in their own right, wrote commentaries on Nietzsche's philosophy, including Martin Heidegger, who produced a four-volume study, and Lev Shestov, who wrote a book called Dostoyevski, Tolstoy and Nietzsche where he portrays Nietzsche and Dostoyevski as the "thinkers of tragedy". Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing i… On at least one occasion, on 23 February 1880, the usually poor Gast received 200 marks from their mutual friend, Paul Rée. Nietzsche had a brilliant school and university career,culminating in May 1869 when he was called to a chair in classicalphilology at Basel. [203] An Israeli historian who performed a statistical analysis of everything Nietzsche wrote about Jews claims that cross-references and context make clear that 85% of the negative comments are attacks on Christian doctrine or, sarcastically, on Richard Wagner. [335] Camus described Nietzsche as "the only artist to have derived the extreme consequences of an aesthetics of the absurd". 1890 durfte die Mutter ihn schließlich bei sich in ihrem Haus in Naumburg aufnehmen. It is debated among scholars whether Hitler read Nietzsche, although if he did, it may not have been extensively. Zweiter Lehrstuhl: Nietzsche soon fell into a period of mental anguish, although he continued to write to Rée, stating "We shall see one another from time to time, won't we? Georges Bataille was also influential in this revival, defending Nietzsche against appropriation by the Nazis with his notable 1937 essay "Nietzsche and Fascists". Aristocratic values of good and bad coincided with and reflected their relationship to lower castes such as slaves. J.L. Facebook Twitter Our latest collection of Friedrich Nietzsche quotes on Everyday Power. Wer von seinem Tag nicht zwei Drittel für sich selbst hat, ist ein Sklave. Some[238] have suggested that the eternal return is related to the overman, since willing the eternal return of the same is a necessary step if the overman is to create new values untainted by the spirit of gravity or asceticism. [185] Philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre put Nietzsche in a high place in the history of philosophy. Überdies beabsichtigte er die Veröffentlichung der Kompilation Nietzsche contra Wagner und der Gedichte Dionysos-Dithyramben. Im Umkreis Wagners hatte Nietzsche inzwischen Malwida von Meysenbug und Hans von Bülow kennengelernt, und auch die Freundschaft mit Paul Rée, dessen Einfluss ihn vom Kulturpessimismus seiner ersten Schriften abbrachte, begann. Hatte er im sogenannten Deutschen Krieg zwischen Preußen und Österreich, in dessen Verlauf auch Leipzig preußisch besetzt wurde, noch seine militärische Einberufung vermeiden können, so wurde Nietzsche nun (1867) als Einjährig-Freiwilliger bei der preußischen Artillerie in Naumburg verpflichtet. Emanuel Linder (1819–1843) | Als negatives Gegenstück zum Übermenschen wird in Also sprach Zarathustra der letzte Mensch vorgestellt. Only the fertile interplay of these two forces brought together as an art represented the best of Greek tragedy.[174]. "[250], Nietzsche expressed admiration for 17th-century French moralists such as La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère and Vauvenargues,[251] as well as for Stendhal. The overman does not follow the morality of common people since that favors mediocrity but rises above the notion of good and evil and above the "herd". But such a conception of happiness Nietzsche rejected as something limited to, and characteristic of, the bourgeois lifestyle of the English society,[216] and instead put forth the idea that happiness is not an aim per se. Lebensjahr (1889) litt er unter zunehmenden psychischen Störungen, die ihn arbeits- und geschäftsunfähig machten. "Irgendwie, jedenfalls physiologisch. The Russian painter Lena Hades created the oil painting cycle Also Sprach Zarathustra dedicated to the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Indeed, Mazzino Montinari, the editor of Nietzsche's Nachlass, called it a forgery. Nach dem Tod des Vaters 1849 und des jüngeren Bruders Ludwig Joseph (1848–1850) zog die Familie nach Naumburg. Seinen Vornamen gab ihm sein Vater zu Ehren des preußischen Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV., an dessen 49. Wohin bewegen wir uns? Lange's descriptions of Kant's anti-materialistic philosophy, the rise of European Materialism, Europe's increased concern with science, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and the general rebellion against tradition and authority intrigued Nietzsche greatly. He argued that this fusion has not been achieved since the ancient Greek tragedians. Seine Eltern waren der lutherische Pfarrer Carl Ludwig Nietzsche und dessen Frau Franziska. Schopenhauer's doctrine—which Nietzsche also referred to as Western Buddhism—advocates separating oneself from will and desires to reduce suffering. Nietzsche and Salomé spent the summer together in Tautenburg in Thuringia, often with Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth as a chaperone. The essays shared the orientation of a cultural critique, challenging the developing German culture suggested by Schopenhauer and Wagner. Dass Nietzsche sich auch lange nach Wagners Tod 1883 beinahe zwanghaft mit dem einstigen „Meister“ beschäftigte, hat einige Aufmerksamkeit gefunden: Über das komplizierte Verhältnis zwischen Nietzsche und Wagner (sowie Wagners Frau Cosima) gibt es viele Untersuchungen mit teilweise unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Adorno summed up Nietzsche's philosophy as expressing the "humane in a world in which humanity has become a sham. ", Walter Kaufmann, intr. [248] Due to his Heraclitean sympathies, Nietzsche was also a vociferous critic of Parmenides, who, in contrast to Heraclitus, viewed the world as a single, unchanging Being. Sklavenmoral • Felix Heinimann (1966–1980). [10] Nach einem Jahr verließ er die Burschenschaft, weil ihm das Verbindungsleben missfiel. For him, women had to sacrifice themselves to the care and benefit of men. Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile • Man wollte dann gemeinsam darüber diskutieren.“[7] Die Versammlungen fanden vierteljährlich statt. Würzburg 2002. Mit den Namen der griechischen Götter Apollon und Dionysos bezeichnet Nietzsche in seiner frühen Schrift Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik zwei gegensätzliche Prinzipien der Ästhetik. Aus dem Wagnerkreis war ihm vor allem Meysenbug als mütterliche Gönnerin erhalten geblieben. (Daybreak, 14) The diagnosis of syphilis has since been challenged and a diagnosis of "manic-depressive illness with periodic psychosis followed by vascular dementia" was put forward by Cybulska prior to Schain's study. [224] The wish for the eternal return of all events would mark the ultimate affirmation of life, a reaction to Schopenhauer's praise of denying the will‐to‐live. "[79] Nietzsche scholar Joachim Köhler [de] has attempted to explain Nietzsche's life history and philosophy by claiming that he was homosexual. [258] Hippolyte Taine influenced Nietzsche's view on Rousseau and Napoleon. Die jeweils eingenommene Perspektive führt vielmehr dazu, dass der Mensch die Welt, wie sie ihm erscheint, zu einem Bild, zu einer Interpretation zusammenfügt. Jahrhunderts. Nietzsche glaubte, kurz vor dem internationalen Durchbruch zu stehen, und versuchte, seine alten Schriften vom ersten Verleger zurückzukaufen. Born on October 15, […] [301], By World War I, Nietzsche had acquired a reputation as an inspiration for right-wing German militarism and leftist politics. Wie vermochten wir das Meer auszutrinken? Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Although most commentators regard his breakdown as unrelated to his philosophy, Georges Bataille dropped dark hints ("'Man incarnate' must also go mad")[116] and René Girard's postmortem psychoanalysis posits a worshipful rivalry with Richard Wagner. Die zeitgenössische Kultur war in seinen Augen lebensschwächer als die des antiken Griechenlands. [343] For Nietzsche, this grand striver overcomes obstacles, engages in epic struggles, pursues new goals, embraces recurrent novelty, and transcends existing structures and contexts. "[245] He likewise expressed contempt for British author George Eliot. That loss of strength in which suffering as such inflicts on life is still further increased and multiplied by pity. However, eminent Nietzsche scholar Walter Kaufmann rejected this interpretation, writing that Nietzsche's analyses of these two types of morality were used only in a descriptive and historic sense; they were not meant for any kind of acceptance or glorification. [210] Furthermore, he emphasized the danger of nihilism and the possibilities it offers, as seen in his statement that "I praise, I do not reproach, [nihilism's] arrival. Elaborating on the conception of Hamlet as an intellectual who cannot make up his mind, and is a living antithesis to the man of action, Nietzsche argues that a Dionysian figure possesses the knowledge that his actions cannot change the eternal balance of things, and it disgusts him enough not to act at all. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 –1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher, poet, composer and classical philologist. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, 1844-1900 , German philosopher German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most-influential of all modern thinkers. Die Kunst habe sich in den Dienst des Wissens und sokratischer Klugheit gestellt und sei zur reinen Nachahmung geworden. Emilio Carlo Corriero, "Nietzsche's Death of God and Italian Philosophy". [41], A decade after World War II, there was a revival of Nietzsche's philosophical writings thanks to translations and analyses by Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale. Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher. [340]:195, "Nietzsche" redirects here. Rée proposed marriage to her, but she, instead, proposed that they should live and study together as "brother and sister", along with another man for company, where they would establish an academic commune.

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